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为什么必须反对刑讯/毛立新

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为什么必须反对刑讯

毛立新

近来,随着佘祥林、胥敬祥等冤案大白于天下,刑讯逼供——这一制造冤案的元凶,再次受到人们的广泛声讨。

如果这时我来问一句:我们为什么反对刑讯?大家一定觉得不可思议。难到这还是个问题吗?稍有法律常识的人都能回答这个问题:刑讯逼供容易导致冤假错案,刑讯逼供是一种野蛮的、不文明的办案方法,它为我国法律所禁止,为广大群众所痛恨。所以,要坚决反对刑讯逼供!

看起来,道理确实十分浅明,理由也不算不充分。但大家想过没有:既然道理如此明白,为什么刑讯逼供至今屡禁不止,甚至仍被一些执法部门奉为破案法宝呢?

对此,专家学者们又有种种剖析,如执法机关破案压力太大,办案人员素质不高,我国刑事司法制度不完善,缺乏对非法证据的排除规则和对犯罪嫌疑人诉讼权利的有效保障,以及执法机关办案经费严重不足等等。由此,还提出了一系列对策与建议。

看起来,病因已指明,药方已开出,似乎问题不难解决了。但笔者对此毫不乐观。因为,在许多执法部门和执法人员中间,上述反对刑讯的理由并没有说服他们。比如,你说刑讯逼供会造成冤假错案,他会说:实际上,刑讯逼供并不必然导致冤假错案,只要办案人员注意一下刑讯的方式,避免用刑过度和指供、诱供,就可以做到既破案、又不出问题;你说犯罪嫌疑人并非一定是坏蛋,应按“无罪推定”将其视为好人,并保护其诉讼权利,他会说:实践表明,绝大多数被抓的犯罪嫌疑人最后是判了刑的,因而应当说被抓的绝大多数是坏人,被冤枉的只是极少数人,总不能因为极少数人而影响打击犯罪和维护社会治安吧。

这种论调不是作者杜撰,而是在一些执法实务部门普遍存在,由此衍生出形形色色的刑讯逼供有用论、合理论、难免论等。这种调子看似一种“实事求是”之论,但详究起来,实质上十分荒谬和有害。

究其根源,它与我国司法实践中盛行不衰的功利主义思想密切相关。两千多年封建专制传统的影响,近几十年来对社会主义集体原则的过分强调,以及改革开放以来实用主义思潮的泛滥,融会形成一种中国特色的极端功利主义思想。

它打着“为最大多数人谋最大利益”的旗号,主张集体利益、国家利益至上,个人权利微不足道,必要时应牺牲个人权利以维护公共利益;为了实现国家、集体、社会利益,必要时可以不择手段、不论过程、不计代价。体现在刑事司法上,就是重打击犯罪,轻保护人权;重实体结果,轻程序正义;重快速破案,轻依法办案。

从这种功利主义思想出发,刑讯逼供自然有其有用性、合理性和必要性,因为它确实是有助于侦查破案的,从而也是有助于实现国家、社会利益的,即便会造成一些冤假错案,牺牲的也不过是少数人的权利而已。

功利主义思想源远流长,它提倡“为最大多数人谋最大利益”,主张重实际、重实效、重结果,应当说具有积极的思想价值。但同时也要警惕把功利主义绝对化、极端化的倾向,反对将功利原则从经济领域推向所有社会领域。特别在司法领域,公正是司法的灵魂,是第一位的价值追求,功利原则必须置于公正原则之下。

在西方,18世纪英国法学家边沁(Jeremy Bentham,1748—1832)是早期的功利主义法学思想,他主张“最大多数人的最大幸福乃是判断是非的标准”,也是国家立法、行政和个人道德的指南。他的功利主义思想由于忽视少数人及个人权利的保护,被后来的法学家批评为“可能导向极权主义”。边沁之后的功利主义法学家约翰•斯图亚特•密尔(John Staurt Mill,1806——1873)对功利主义思想进行了修订,提出以自由人权原则来弥补功利原则的不足,主张在追求社会公益的同时,不能侵犯公民的私人领域和自由权利,并称这是一种更高层次的功利主义。

看来,所谓中国特色的极端功利主义思想,早在200年前已为西方社会所批判、所摒弃。从历史教训看,由于其完全忽视个人利益和公民权利,这种极端功利主义思想所造成的祸害远不止刑讯逼供一种。

应当说,功利主义主张维护集体公益、注重实际和实效,有其相当合理性,因而功利主义不可废。但在建设社会主义法治国家及社会主义和谐社会的今天,为免受极端功利主义可能造成的祸害,我们必须高高举起人权的大旗。

所谓“人权”,就是人之为人所享有的基本权利。不管在什么国家、在什么发展阶段,我们都必须承认人之为人必须享有一些最低限度的权利保障,如生存、财产、自由和尊严等等。即便是犯罪嫌疑人,或者已经判刑的罪犯,也理所当然享有一些基本的权利:为了生存,他有吃饭、喝水和休息的权利;他的生命和人身自由可以经由法院依法判决而剥夺,但其人身和人格尊严依然不容侵犯,不容他人对其进行羞辱;只要法院没有判处没收财产或者剥夺政治权利,他的合法财产和选举权依然要受法律保护等等。

人权原则为我们每个人划定了一块不受公权和其他个人无端干预的神圣领域,因而成为防止功利主义滑向专制和暴政的坚固屏障。

从极端功利主义原则出发,为了侦查破案、打击犯罪、维护治安,牺牲少数犯罪嫌疑人的权利是在所不惜,也是在所难免。但从保障人权原则出发,打击犯罪、维护治安必须在保障人权的前提下采用取合法的、文明的方式和手段来进行,绝不允许以刑讯逼供、侵犯人权的方式来提高破案率。

应当清醒地认识到,如果一个社会纵容执法部门为了打击犯罪而不择手段,那无异于饮鸩止渴。因为一旦公权日渐膨胀,侵犯的绝不仅仅是少数犯罪嫌疑人的权利,在一个权力专横、执法野蛮的社会,所有公民的权利与自由都将无从保障。

因此,我们反对刑讯,并不仅仅是它容易造成冤假错案——从这个角度反刑讯,我们就会掉进功利主义所谓“权衡利弊”的圈套,就批不倒形形色色的刑讯逼供有用论、合理论、难免论。

我们之所以彻底反对刑讯,根本的理由在于它侵犯了人之为人的基本权利——人格尊严权,使犯罪嫌疑人沦为任人宰割、任意处置的刑事司法客体,而不论它是否能为侦查破案发挥多大用处。

而且,反对刑讯、提倡人权,也绝非仅仅保护犯罪嫌疑人的权利,我们捍卫的恰恰是人之为人所共有的基本尊严和权利。也许,只有从这个立场出发,我们才有可能彻底反对刑讯;也只有等到大家都认识到这一点,建成一个社会主义法治国家才大有希望。



(作者系中国人民公安大学诉讼法学博士研究生)


最高人民法院关于审理未成年人刑事案件的若干规定

最高人民法院


最高人民法院关于审理未成年人刑事案件的若干规定


最高人民法院公告

  《最高人民法院关于审理未成年人刑事案件的若干规定》已于2000年11月15日由最高人民法院审判委员会第1139次会议通过。现予公布,自2001年4月12日起施行。

  二00一年四月四日

  最高人民法院

关于审理未成年人刑事案件的若干规定

(2000年11月15日最高人民法院审判委员会第1139次会议通过)

法释[2001]9号

  第一章总则

  第一条为了维护未成年被告人的合法权益,依法惩罚和教育未成年罪犯,保障无罪的未成年人不受刑事追究,逐步建立和完善具有中国特色的未成年人刑事审判制度,根据《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》、《中华人民共和国人民法院组织法》、《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》和《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》的有关规定,结合我国审判未成年人刑事案件的司法实践,制定本规定。

  第二条审理未成年人刑事案件适用《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》、《最高人民法院关于执行〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉若干问题的解释》(以下简称《解释》)。本规定有特别规定的,适用本规定。

  第三条审判未成年人刑事案件,必须以事实为根据,以法律为准绳,坚持教育为主、惩罚为辅的原则,执行教育、感化、挽救的方针,积极参与社会治安综合治理。

  第四条人民法院应当加强同公安机关、人民检察院的联系,坚持分工负责、互相配合、互相制约的原则,以保证公正、及时地审理未成年人刑事案件。

  第五条人民法院要加强同政府有关部门、共青团、妇联、工会等人民团体以及未成年人保护组织等有关社会团体的联系,共同做好未成年罪犯的教育和挽救工作。

  第六条中级人民法院和基层人民法院可以建立未成年人刑事审判庭。条件尚不具备的地方,应当在刑事审判庭内设立未成年人刑事案件合议庭或者由专人负责办理未成年人刑事案件。高级人民法院可以在刑事审判庭内设立未成年人刑事案件合议庭。

  未成年人刑事审判庭和未成年人刑事案件合议庭统称少年法庭。

  最高人民法院和高级人民法院设立少年法庭指导小组,指导少年法庭的工作,总结和推广未成年人刑事审判工作的经验。少年法庭指导小组应当有专人或者设立办公室负责具体指导工作。

  第七条审判第一审未成年人刑事案件的合议庭,可以由审判员或者由审判员与人民陪审员组成。依照法律规定适用简易程序的案件除外。

  第八条审判未成年人刑事案件合议庭的审判长,应当由熟悉未成年人特点、善于做未成年人思想教育工作的审判员担任,并且应当保持其工作的相对稳定性。

  审判未成年人刑事案件的人民陪审员,一般由熟悉未成年人特点,热心于教育、挽救失足未成年人工作,并经过必要培训的共青团、妇联、工会、学校的干部、教师或者离退休人员、未成年人保护组织的工作人员等担任。

  第九条审判未成年人刑事案件,应当注意掌握未成年被告人的生理和心理特点,依法准确,及时地查明起诉指控的案件事实;对于构成犯罪的未成年人,应当帮助其认识犯罪原因和犯罪行为的社会危害性,做到寓教于审,惩教结合。

  第十条少年法庭受理案件的范围:

  (一)被告人在实施被指控的犯罪时不满十八周岁的案件;

  (二)被告人在实施被指控的犯罪时不满十八周岁,并被指控为首要分子或者主犯的共同犯罪案件。

  其他共同犯罪案件有未成年被告人的,或者其他涉及未成年人的刑事案件是否由少年法庭审理,由人民法院院长根据少年法庭工作的实际情况决定。

  第十一条对在开庭审理时不满十六周岁的未成年人刑事案件,一律不公开审理。

  对在开庭审理时不满十八周岁的未成年人刑事案件,一般也不公开审理。如果有必要公开审理的,必须经过本院院长批准,并且应限制旁听人数和范围。

  第十二条未成年人刑事案件的证人是未成年人的,除法律规定外,经人民法院准许,可以不出庭。

  第十三条未成年人刑事案件判决前,审判人员不得向外界披露该未成年人的姓名、住所、照片及可能推断出该未成年人的资料。

  未成年人刑事案件的诉讼案卷材料,除依法查阅、摘抄、复制以外,未经本院院长批准,不得查询和摘录,并不得公开和传播。

  第十四条未成年被告人的法定代理人在诉讼中享有申请回避、辩护、发问、提出新的证据、要求重新鉴定或者勘验、提出上诉等诉讼权利。在未成年被告人最后陈述后,经审判长许可,法定代理人可以发表意见。

  第十五条人民法院应当依法保证未成年被告人获得辩护。

  开庭审理时不满十八周岁的未成年被告人没有委托辩护人的,人民法院应当指定承担法律援助义务的律师为其提供辩护。

  在审判过程中,未成年被告人及其法定代理人可以拒绝辩护人为他辩护。

  第二章开庭前的准备工作

  第十六条对于人民检察院提起公诉的未成年人刑事案件,人民法院除依照《解释》的有关规定进行审查外,还应当查明是否附有被告人年龄的有效证明材料。对于没有附送被告人年龄的有效证明材料的,应当通知人民检察院在三日内补送。

  第十七条人民法院向未成年被告人送达起诉书副本时,应当向其讲明被指控的罪行和有关法律条款;并告知诉讼的程序及有关的诉讼权利、义务,消除未成年被告人的紧张情绪。

  第十八条人民法院在向未成年被告人的法定代理人送达起诉书副本时,应当告知其诉讼权利、义务和在开庭审判中应当注意的有关事项。

  第十九条开庭审理前,应当通知未成年被告人的法定代理人出庭。法定代理人无法出庭或者确实不适宜出庭的,应另行通知其他监护人或者其他成年近亲属出庭。经通知,其他监护人或者成年近亲属不到庭的,人民法院应当记录在卷。

  第二十条开庭审理前,审判未成年人刑事案件的审判长认为有必要的,可以安排法定代理人或者其他成年近亲属、教师等人员与未成年被告人会见。

  第二十一条开庭审理前,控辩双方可以分别就未成年被告人性格特点、家庭情况、社会交往、成长经历以及实施被指控的犯罪前后的表现等情况进行调查,并制作书面材料提交合议庭。必要时,人民法院也可以委托有关社会团体组织就上述情况进行调查或者自行进行调查。

  第二十二条人民法院应当为辩护律师查阅、摘抄、复制所指控的犯罪事实的材料,以及同在押未成年被告人会见和通信提供便利条件。经人民法院许可,其他辩护人也可以查阅、摘抄、复制上述材料,同在押的未成年被告人会见和通信。

  第二十三条少年法庭应当将开庭前的准备工作和活动记录存卷。

  第三章审判

  第二十四条人民法院应当在辩护台靠近旁听区一侧为未成年被告人的法定代理人设置席位。

  第二十五条在法庭上不得对未成年被告人使用戒具。未成年被告人在法庭上可以坐着接受法庭调查、询问,在回答审判人员的提问、宣判时应当起立。

  第二十六条未成年被告人或者其法定代理人当庭拒绝委托的辩护人进行辩护,要求另行委托或者人民法院为其另行指定辩护人、辩护律师的,合议庭应当同意并宣布延期审理。

  未成年被告人或者其法定代理人当庭拒绝由人民法院指定的辩护律师进行辩护,要求另行委托辩护人的,合议庭应当同意并宣布延期审理。未成年被告人或者其法定代理人当庭拒绝人民法院指定的辩护律师为其辩护,如确有正当理由,合议庭应当同意并宣布延期审理,人民法院应当为未成年被告人另行指定辩护律师。

  重新开庭后,未成年被告人或者其法定代理人再次当庭拒绝重新委托的辩护人或者由人民法院指定的辩护律师进行辩护的,一般不予准许。如果重新开庭时被告人已满十八周岁的,应当准许,但不得再行委托或者由人民法院再行指定辩护人、辩护律师。上述情况应当记录在卷。

  第二十七条法庭审理时,审判人员应当注意未成年被告人的智力发育程度和心理状态,要态度严肃、和蔼,用语准确、通俗易懂。发现有对未成年被告人诱供、训斥、讽刺或者威胁的情形时,应当及时制止。

  第二十八条法庭调查时,审判人员应当核实未成年被告人在实施被指挥的行为时的年龄。同时还应当查明未成年被告人实施被指挥的行为时的主观和客观原因。

  第二十九条法庭审理时,控辩双方向法庭提出从轻判处未成年被告人管制、拘役宣告缓刑或者有期徒刑宣告缓刑、免予刑事处罚等适用刑罚建议的,应当提供有关未成年被告人能够获得监护、帮教的书面材料。

  第三十条休庭时,可以允许法定代理人或者其他成年近亲属、教师等人员会见被告人。

  第三十一条对未成年人刑事案件宣告判决应当公开进行,但不得采取召开大会等形式。

  第三十二条定期宣告判决的,合议庭应当通知公诉人、未成年被告人的法定代理人及其他诉讼参与人到庭。

  法定代理人不到庭或者确实无法到庭的,也可以通知其他成年近亲属到庭,并在宣判后向其送达判决书副本。

  第三十三条人民法院判决未成年被告人有罪的,宣判后,由合议庭组织到庭的诉讼参与人对未成年被告人进行教育。如果未成年被告人的法定代理人以外的其他成年近亲属或者教师、公诉人等参加有利于教育、感化未成年被告人的,合议庭可以邀请其参加宣判后的教育。

  对未成年被告人的教育可以围绕下列内容进行:

  (一)犯罪行为对社会的危害和应当受刑罚处罚的必要性;

  (二)导致犯罪行为发生的主观、客观原因及应当吸取的教训;

  (三)正确对待人民法院的裁判。

  第三十四条开庭审理的上诉和抗诉案件,参照上述规定进行。

  第四章简易程序

  第三十五条少年法庭应当根据刑事诉讼法第一百七十四条及《解释》的有关规定,确定未成年人刑事案件是否适用简易程序。

  第三十六条适用简易程序审理的案件,应当通知未成年被告人的法定代理人、辩护人出庭。

  第三十七条适用简易程序审理的案件,对未成年被告人进行法庭教育适用本《规定》第三十三条的规定。

  第五章执行

  第三十八条对于判决、裁定已经发生法律效力并应当收监服刑的未成年罪犯,少年法庭应当填写结案登记表并附送有关未成年罪犯的调查材料及其在案件审理中的表现材料,连同起诉书副本、判决书或者裁定书副本、执行通知书,一并送达执行机关。

  第三十九条少年法庭可以通过多种形式与未成年犯管教所等未成年罪犯服刑场所建立联系,了解未成年罪犯的改造情况,协助做好帮教、改造工作;并可以对正在服刑的未成年罪犯进行回访考察。

  第四十条少年法庭认为有必要时,可以敦促被收监服刑的未成年罪犯的父母或者其他监护人及时探视,以使未成年罪犯获得家庭和社会的关怀,增强改造的信心。

  第四十一条对于判处管制、拘役宣告缓刑或者有期徒刑宣告缓刑、免予刑事处罚等的未成年罪犯,少年法庭可以协助公安机关同其所在学校、单位、街道、居民委员会、村民委员会、监护人等制定帮教措施。

  第四十二条少年法庭可以适时走访被判处管制、拘役宣告缓刑或者有期徒刑宣告缓刑、免予刑事处罚等的未成年罪犯及其家庭,了解对未成年罪犯的管理和教育情况,以引导未成年罪犯的家庭正确地承担管教责任,为未成年罪犯改过自新创造良好的环境。

  第四十三条对于判处管制、拘役宣告缓刑或者有期徒刑宣告缓刑、免予刑事处罚等的未成年罪犯具备就学就业条件的,人民法院可以就其安置问题向有关部门提出司法建议,并且附送必要的材料。

  第四十四条对于执行机关依法提出给未成年罪犯减刑或者假释的书面意见,人民法院应当及时予以审核、裁定。

中华人民共和国企业法人登记管理条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国企业法人登记管理条例(附英文)

1988年6月3日,国务院

第一章 总 则
第一条 为建立企业法人登记管理制度,确认企业法人资格,保障企业合法权益,取缔非法经营,维护社会经济秩序,根据《中华人民共和国民法通则》的有关规定,制定本条例。
第二条 具备法人条件的下列企业,应当依照本条例的规定办理企业法人登记:
(一)全民所有制企业;
(二)集体所有制企业;
(三)联营企业;
(四)在中华人民共和国境内设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业和外资企业;
(五)私营企业;
(六)依法需要办理企业法人登记的其他企业。
第三条 申请企业法人登记,经企业法人登记主管机关审核,准予登记注册的,领取《企业法人营业执照》,取得法人资格,其合法权益受国家法律保护。
依法需要办理企业法人登记的,未经企业法人登记主管机关核准登记注册,不得从事经营活动。

第二章 登记主管机关
第四条 企业法人登记主管机关(以下简称登记主管机关)是国家工商行政管理局和地方各级工商行政管理局。各级登记主管机关在上级登记主管机关的领导下,依法履行职责,不受非法干预。
第五条 经国务院或者国务院授权部门批准的全国性公司、企业集团、经营进出口业务的公司,由国家工商行政管理局核准登记注册。中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业由国家工商行政管理局或者国家工商行政管理局授权的地方工商行政管理局核准登记注册。
全国性公司的子(分)公司,经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府或其授权部门批准设立的企业、企业集团、经营进出口业务的公司,由省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局核准登记注册。
其他企业,由所在市、县(区)工商行政管理局核准登记注册。
第六条 各级登记主管机关,应当建立企业法人登记档案和登记统计制度,掌握企业法人登记有关的基础信息,为发展有计划的商品经济服务。
登记主管机关应当根据社会需要,有计划地开展向公众提供企业法人登记资料的服务。

第三章 登记条件和申请登记单位
第七条 申请企业法人登记的单位应当具备下列条件:
(一)名称、组织机构和章程;
(二)固定的经营场所和必要的设施;
(三)符合国家规定并与其生产经营和服务规模相适应的资金数额和从业人员;
(四)能够独立承担民事责任;
(五)符合国家法律、法规和政策规定的经营范围。
第八条 企业办理企业法人登记,由该企业的组建负责人申请。
独立承担民事责任的联营企业办理企业法人登记,由联营企业的组建负责人申请。

第四章 登记注册事项
第九条 企业法人登记注册的主要事项:企业法人名称、住所、经营场所、法定代表人、经济性质、经营范围、经营方式、注册资金、从业人数、经营期限、分支机构。
第十条 企业法人只准使用一个名称。企业法人申请登记注册的名称由登记主管机关核定,经核准登记注册后在规定的范围内享有专用权。
申请设立中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业和外资企业应当在合同、章程审批之前,向登记主管机关申请企业名称登记。
第十一条 登记主管机关核准登记注册的企业法人的法定代表人是代表企业行使职权的签字人。法定代表人的签字应当向登记主管机关备案。
第十二条 注册资金是国家授予企业法人经营管理的财产或者企业法人自有财产的数额体现。
企业法人办理开业登记,申请注册的资金数额与实有资金不一致的,按照国家专项规定办理。
第十三条 企业法人的经营范围应当与其资金、场地、设备、从业人员以及技术力量相适应;按照国家有关规定,可以一业为主,兼营他业。企业法人应当在核准登记注册的经营范围内从事经营活动。

第五章 开业登记
第十四条 企业法人办理开业登记,应当在主管部门或者审批机关批准后三十日内,向登记主管机关提出申请;没有主管部门、审批机关的企业申请开业登记,由登记主管机关进行审查。登记主管机关应当在受理申请后三十日内,做出核准登记或者不予核准登记的决定。
第十五条 申请企业法人开业登记,应当提交下列文件、证件:
(一)组建负责人签署的登记申请书;
(二)主管部门或者审批机关的批准文件;
(三)组织章程;
(四)资金信用证明、验资证明或者资金担保;
(五)企业主要负责人的身份证明;
(六)住所和经营场所使用证明;
(七)其他有关文件、证件。
第十六条 申请企业法人开业登记的单位,经登记主管机关核准登记注册,领取《企业法人营业执照》后,企业即告成立。企业法人凭据《企业法人营业执照》可以刻制公章、开立银行帐户、签订合同,进行经营活动。
登记主管机关可以根据企业法人开展业务的需要,核发《企业法人营业执照》副本。

第六章 变更登记
第十七条 企业法人改变名称、住所、经营场所、法定代表人、经济性质、经营范围、经营方式、注册资金、经营期限,以及增设或者撤销分支机构,应当申请办理变更登记。
第十八条 企业法人申请变更登记,应当在主管部门或者审批机关批准后三十日内,向登记主管机关申请办理变更登记。
第十九条 企业法人分立、合并、迁移,应当在主管部门或者审批机关批准后三十日内,向登记主管机关申请办理变更登记、开业登记或者注销登记。

第七章 注销登记
第二十条 企业法人歇业、被撤销、宣告破产或者因其他原因终止营业,应当向登记主管机关办理注销登记。
第二十一条 企业法人办理注销登记,应当提交法定代表人签署的申请注销登记报告、主管部门或者审批机关的批准文件、清理债务完结的证明或者清算组织负责清理债权债务的文件。经登记主管机关核准后,收缴《企业法人营业执照》、《企业法人营业执照》副本,收缴公章,并将注销登记情况告知其开户银行。
第二十二条 企业法人领取《企业法人营业执照》后,满六个月尚未开展经营活动或者停止经营活动满一年的,视同歇业,登记主管机关应当收缴《企业法人营业执照》、《企业法人营业执照》副本,收缴公章,并将注销登记情况告知其开户银行。

第八章 公告、年检和证照管理
第二十三条 企业开业、变更名称、注销,由登记主管机关发布企业法人登记公告。 未经登记主管机关批准,其他单位不得发布企业法人登记公告。
第二十四条 企业法人登记管理实行年度检验制度。企业法人应当按照登记主管机关规定的时间提交年检报告书、资金平衡表或者资产负债表。登记主管机关应当对企业法人登记的主要事项进行审查。
第二十五条 登记主管机关核发的《企业法人营业执照》是企业法人凭证,除登记主管机关依照法定程序可以扣缴或者吊销外,其他任何单位和个人不得收缴、扣押、毁坏。
企业法人遗失《企业法人营业执照》、《企业法人营业执照》副本,必须登报声明后,方可申请补领。
《企业法人营业执照》、《企业法人营业执照》副本,不得伪造、涂改、出租、出借、转让、出卖和擅自复印。
第二十六条 企业法人办理开业登记、变更登记、年度检验,应当按照规定缴纳登记费、年检费。开业登记费按注册资金总额的1‰缴纳;注册资金超过一千万元的,超过部分按0.5‰缴纳;注册资金超过一亿元的,超过部分不再缴纳。登记费最低额为五十元。变更登记费、年检费的缴纳数额由国家工商行政管理局规定。

第九章 事业单位、科技性的社会团体从事经营活动的登记管理
第二十七条 事业单位、科技性的社会团体根据国家有关规定,设立具备法人条件的企业,由该企业申请登记,经登记主管机关核准,领取《企业法人营业执照》,方可从事经营活动。
第二十八条 根据国家有关规定,实行企业化经营,国家不再核拨经费的事业单位和从事经营活动的科技性的社会团体,具备企业法人登记条件的,由该单位申请登记,经登记主管机关核准,领取《企业法人营业执照》,方可从事经营活动。

第十章 监督管理
第二十九条 登记主管机关对企业法人依法履行下列监督管理职责:
(一)监督企业法人按照规定办理开业、变更、注销登记;
(二)监督企业法人按照登记注册事项和章程、合同从事经营活动;
(三)监督企业法人和法定代表人遵守国家法律、法规和政策;
(四)制止和查处企业法人的违法经营活动,保护企业法人的合法权益。
第三十条 企业法人有下列情形之一的,登记主管机关可以根据情况分别给予警告、罚款、没收非法所得、停业整顿、扣缴、吊销《企业法人营业执照》的处罚:
(一)登记中隐瞒真实情况、弄虚作假或者未经核准登记注册擅自开业的;
(二)擅自改变主要登记事项或者超出核准登记的经营范围从事经营活动的;
(三)不按照规定办理注销登记或者不按照规定报送年检报告书,办理年检的;
(四)伪造、涂改、出租、出借、转让、出卖或者擅自复印《企业法人营业执照》、《企业法人营业执照》副本的;
(五)抽逃、转移资金,隐匿财产逃避债务的;
(六)从事非法经营活动的。
对企业法人按照上述规定进行处罚时,应当根据违法行为的情节,追究法定代表人的行政责任、经济责任;触犯刑律的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第三十一条 登记主管机关处理企业法人违法活动,必须查明事实,依法处理,并将处理决定书面通知当事人。
第三十二条 企业法人对登记主管机关的处罚不服时,可以在收到处罚通知后十五日内向上一级登记主管机关申请复议。上级登记主管机关应当在收到复议申请之日起三十日内作出复议决定。申请人对复议决定不服的,可以在收到复议通知之日起三十日内向人民法院起诉。逾期不提出
申诉又不缴纳罚没款的,登记主管机关可以按照规定程序通知其开户银行予以划拨。
第三十三条 企业法人被吊销《企业法人营业执照》,登记主管机关应当收缴其公章,并将注销登记情况告知其开户银行,其债权债务由主管部门或者清算组织负责清理。
第三十四条 主管部门、审批机关、登记主管机关的工作人员违反本条例规定,严重失职、滥用职权、营私舞弊、索贿受贿或者侵害企业法人合法权益的,应当根据情节给予行政处分和经济处罚;触犯刑律的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。

第十一章 附 则
第三十五条 企业法人设立不能独立承担民事责任的分支机构,由该企业法人申请登记,经登记主管机关核准,领取《营业执照》,在核准登记的经营范围内从事经营活动。
根据国家有关规定,由国家核拨经费的事业单位、科技性的社会团体从事经营活动或者设立不具备法人条件的企业,由该单位申请登记,经登记主管机关核准,领取《营业执照》,在核准登记的经营范围内从事经营活动。
具体登记管理参照本条例的规定执行。
第三十六条 经国务院有关部门或者各级计划部门批准的新建企业,其筹建期满一年的,应当按照专项规定办理筹建登记。
第三十七条 本条例施行前,具备法人条件的企业,已经登记主管机关核准登记注册的,不再另行办理企业法人登记。
第三十八条 本条例由国家工商行政管理局负责解释;施行细则由国家工商行政管理局制定。
第三十九条 本条例自1988年7月1日起施行。1980年7月26日国务院发布的《中外合资经营企业登记管理办法》,1982年8月9日国务院发布的《工商企业登记管理条例》,1985年8月14日国务院批准、1985年8月25日国家工商行政管理局发布的《公司
登记管理暂行规定》同时废止。(附英文)

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR CONTROLLING THEREGISTRATION OF ENTERPRISES AS LEGAL PERSONS

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR CONTROLLING THE
REGISTRATION OF ENTERPRISES AS LEGAL PERSONS
(Adopted by the Fourth Executive Meeting of the State Council on
May 13, 1988, promulgated by Decree No. 1 of the State Council of the
People's Republic of China on June 3, 1988, and effective as of July 1,
1988)

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
In accordance with relevant provisions of the General Principles of the
Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, the present Regulations are
formulated with a view to establishing a system for controlling the
registration of enterprises as legal persons, confirming their status as
such, safeguarding their legitimate rights and interests, stamping out
illegal business operations, and preserving social and economic order.
Article 2
Any of the following enterprises which are qualified as legal persons
shall register as such in accordance with the relevant provisions of the
present Regulations:
(1) enterprises owned by the whole people;
(2) enterprises under collective ownership;
(3) jointly operated enterprises;
(4) Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign contractual
joint ventures and foreign-capital enterprises established within the
territory of the People's Republic of China;
(5) privately operated enterprises;
(6) other enterprises required by the law to register as legal persons.
Article 3
Those enterprises applying for registration as legal persons shall be
given Business Licenses for Enterprises as Legal Persons and the status of
legal persons when their applications for registration have been examined
and approved by the authorities in charge of the registration of
enterprises as legal persons and their legitimate rights and interests
shall be protected by laws of the State.
Those enterprises, which are required by law to register as legal persons
but which have not gone through the procedures of examination and approval
registration by the authorities in charge of the registration of
enterprises as legal persons, shall not be allowed to engage in business
operations.

Chapter II Registration Authorities
Article 4
The authorities in charge of the registration of enterprises as legal
persons (hereinafter referred to as the registration authorities) are the
State Administration for Industry and Commerce and administrative
departments for industry and commerce at various levels. Registration
authorities at various levels shall perform their functions according to
law under the leadership of higher registration authorities and be free
from unlawful interference.
Article 5
The registration of national corporations, enterprise groups and
corporations handling import-export business set up with the approval of
the State Council or departments authorized by the State Council shall be
examined and approved by the State Administration for Industry and
Commerce. The registration of Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures,
Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures and foreign-capital enterprises
shall be examined and approved by the State Administration for Industry
and Commerce or by local administrative departments for industry and
commerce authorized by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.
The registration of son (or branch) companies of national corporations,
enterprises, enterprise groups or companies handling import-export trade
established with the approval of the people's governments of provinces,
autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central Government
or departments authorized by them shall be examined and approved by the
administrative departments for industry and commerce of the provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government. The registration of other enterprises shall be examined and
approved by the administrative departments for industry and commerce of
the cities of counties (districts) where the enterprises are located.
Article 6
Registration authorities at various levels shall institute a file of the
registration of enterprises as legal persons and a system for tabulating
statistics relating to such registration, and collect basic information
about the registration of enterprises as legal persons so as to serve the
development of a planned commodity economy. Registration authorities
shall offer, in a planned manner and according to the needs of society,
the service of providing the public with data about the registration of
enterprises as legal persons.

Chapter III Conditions for Registration and Entities to Apply for Registration
Article 7
Entities applying for registration as enterprises as legal persons must
satisfy the following conditions, i.e. having:
(1) name, organization and articles of association;
(2) fixed sites for business operations and essential facilities;
(3) funds and employees in conformity with State regulations and in line
with their scale of production, operation or service;
(4) ability to bear civil liabilities independently;
(5) a scope of business in conformity with the provisions of the relevant
laws, regulations and policies of the State.
Article 8
The application of an enterprise for registration as a legal person shall
be filed by the person responsible for establishing the enterprise.
The registration as a legal person of a jointly operated enterprise which
bears civil liabilities independently shall be applied for by the person
responsible for initiating the said enterprise.

Chapter IV Items of Registration
Article 9
The major items to be registered for an enterprise as a legal person are:
name, residence, site for business operation, legal representative,
economic nature, scope of business, mode of operation, registered capital,
number of employees, duration of operation and subdivisions.
Article 10
An enterprise as a legal person shall use only one name. The name to be
used by the enterprise as a legal person in its application for
registration shall be examined by the registration authorities and, after
it is approved and registered, the enterprise as a legal person shall
enjoy the right to the exclusive use of the registered name within a
definite limit.
Those who apply for establishing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures,
Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures or foreign-capital enterprises
shall apply to the registration authorities for registering the names of
the enterprises before their contracts and articles of association are
examined and approved.
Article 11
The legal representative of an enterprise as a legal person, which has
been registered after examination and approval by a registration
authority, shall be the signatory who exercises functions and powers on
behalf of the enterprise. The signature of the legal representative shall
be submitted to the registration authority for the record.
Article 12
The registered capital of an enterprise as a legal person represents the
total value of the property the State entrusts to it for operation and
management or that of the property owned by the enterprise itself.
When an enterprise as a legal person registers for starting operations,
the discrepancy between the sum of capital it applies for registration and
the sum of capital it actually possesses shall be handled in accordance
with specific regulations of the State.
Article 13
The scope of business of an enterprise as a legal person shall be in
harmony with its capital, sites, equipment, employees and technical force.
It may focus on one line of business as its main operation while engaging
in other operations simultaneously in accordance with relevant regulations
of the State. An enterprise as a legal person shall engage in operations
within the scope of business as approved in registration.

Chapter V Registration for Starting Operations
Article 14
An enterprise as a legal person shall apply to a registration authority
for registration for starting operations within 30 days after the approval
of the department in charge of it or that of an authority for examination
and approval. For an enterprise which does not have a department in charge
or authority for examination and approval, its application for
registration for starting operations shall be examined by a registration
authority. The registration authority shall make a decision of approval or
disapproval of the application for registration within 30 days after
receiving it.
Article 15
An enterprise as a legal person shall submit the following papers when
applying for registration for starting operations:
(1) an application for registration signed by the person responsible for
its establishment;
(2) the document of approval issued by the department in charge or the
authority for examination and approval;
(3) its articles of association;
(4) a certificate of its credit worthiness, a certificate of the
verification of its capital or a guarantee for its capital;
(5) a certificate of the identity of the principal responsible person of
the enterprise;
(6) a certificate of the right to use the residence and site for
operation;
(7) other relevant papers and certificates.
Article 16
When the application filed by an entity for starting operations as an
enterprise as a legal person has been examined and approved by a
registration authority and a Business Licenses for Enterprises as a Legal
Person is received, the enterprise shall be considered as established. The
enterprises as a legal person may henceforth have its official seal made,
open a bank account, sign contracts and conduct business operations by
dint of its Business License.
The registration authority may, after a check-up, issue duplicates of the
Business License, if the enterprise as a legal person needs them for its
business operations.

Chapter VI Changes in Registration
Article 17
An enterprise as a legal person shall apply for making changes in its
registration whenever it changes its name, residence, site, legal
representative, economic nature, scope of business, mode of operation,
registered capital or duration of operation and whenever it increases or
disbands its branches.
Article 18
An enterprise as a legal person shall apply to the registration authority
for making changes in its registration within 30 days after the changes
are approved by the department in charge or by the authority for
examination and approval.
Article 19
An enterprise as a legal person shall apply to the registration authority
for making changes in its registration, or for registration for starting
operations or for cancelling its registration, whenever it is split up,
or merged with others or moved elsewhere, within 30 days after these
changes are approved by the department in charge or by the authority for
examination and approval.

Chapter VII Cancellation of Registration
Article 20
An enterprise as a legal person shall go through the procedures for
cancelling its registration with the registration authority when it closes
down, is dissolved, declares bankruptcy or terminates its business
operations for other reasons.
Article 21
Whenever an enterprise as a legal person is to cancel its registration, it
must submit an application signed by its legal representative, a document
of approval issued by the department in charge or by the authority for
examination and approval, a certificate showing the completion of the
clearing up of its liabilities, or a document showing that a liquidation
organization will be responsible for clearing up its creditor's rights and
liabilities. The registration authority, after examining and approving the
application, shall recall the Business License for Enterprise as a Legal
Person, duplicates of the License, take over the official seal of the
enterprise, and notify the banks at which it has opened an account of the
cancellation of its registration.
Article 22
An enterprise as a legal person, which fails to start operations 6 months
after receiving its Business License for Enterprise as a Legal Person or
which has ceased its operations for a year, shall be regarded as having
closed down, and the registration authority shall recall its Business
License for Enterprises as a Legal Person, duplicates of the License, take
over its official seal and notify the banks at which it has opened an
account of the cancellation of its registration.

Chapter VIII Announcement, Annual Check-up and Control of Certi- ficates
Article 23
The registration authority shall issue registration announcements whenever
an enterprise as a legal person starts operations, changes its name or
cancels its registration. No other organ shall be entitled to issue such
announcements without the approval of the registration authority.
Article 24
A system for conducting annual check-up shall be instituted to administer
the registration of enterprises as legal persons. An enterprise as a legal
person shall submit its annual check-up report, its balance sheet or
statement of assets and liabilities to the registration authority at the
time it prescribes. The registration authority shall check up the major
items contained in the registration of the enterprise as a legal person.
Article 25
The Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person issued by the
registration authority is the certificate of an enterprise as a legal
person. Except the registration authority, which may withhold or cancel it
in accordance with the legal procedures, no other organ or individual is
entitled to take over, detain or destroy it. An enterprise as a legal
person, which has lost its Business License for Enterprise as a Legal
Person or duplicates of the License, must announce the loss in a newspaper
before it can apply for a replacement.
The Business License for Enterprise as a Legal Person and its duplicates
may not be forged, altered, leased, lent, sold or reproduced without
permission.
Article 26
An enterprise as a legal person shall pay registration and annual check-up
fees according to the rules when it registers for starting operations and
applies for making changes in its registration and when it receives the
annual check-up. The fees to be charged on registration for starting
operations shall be 0.1% of the sum of the enterprise's registered
capital; in cases where the registered capital exceeds 10 million yuan,
the fees to be charged on the portion in excess of the said sum shall be
0.05% of it; in cases where the registered capital exceeds 100 million
yuan, no fees shall be charged on the portion in excess of the said sum.
The minimum registration fee shall be 50 yuan. Fees to be charged on
making changes in the registration and conducting the annual check-up
shall be prescribed by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.

Chapter IX Control of the Registration of Business Operations by Institutions and Scientific and Technological Public Organizations
Article 27
When institutions or scientific and technological public organizations
establish enterprises qualified as legal persons in line with relevant
regulations of the state, the applications for registration shall be filed
by the enterprises. They may engage in business operations only after
their applications for registration have been approved by the registration
authorities and after they have received their respective Business
Licenses for Enterprise as a Legal Person.
Article 28
Institutions, which are run like enterprises in accordance with relevant
regulations of the State and which no longer receive operating funds from
the State, or scientific and technological public organizations which are
established for business operations, shall apply for registration if they
are qualified to be enterprises as legal persons. They may engage in
business operations only after their applications have been approved by
the registration authorities and they have received their respective
Business Licenses for Enterprise as a Legal Person.

Chapter X Supervision and Control
Article 29
The registration authorities shall exercise the following functions of
supervision and control over enterprises as legal persons according to
law:
(1) supervising the registration for starting operations, the application
for making changes and the cancellation of registration by enterprises as
legal persons according to regulations;
(2) supervising the conduct of business operations by enterprises as legal
persons in line with the items of registration, articles of association
and contracts;
(3) supervising the compliance of enterprises as legal persons and their
legal representatives with laws, regulations and policies of the State;
(4) stopping, investigating or dealing with illegal business operations of
enterprises as legal persons; protecting their legitimate rights and
interests.
Article 30
The registration authority may, in light of the circumstances, penalize an
enterprise as legal person by warning, fine, confiscation of illegal
earnings, suspension of business for consideration, or withholding or
revoking the Business License for Enterprise as a Legal Person, if it is
involved in any of the following case:
(1) concealing the true situation and resorting to deception in the course
of registration or starting operations before the approval of its
registration;
(2) altering major items in the registration without permission or
engaging in business operations beyond the scope of business as approved
in registration;
(3) failing to cancel registration according to the rules or failing to
submit the annual check-up report or receive the annual check-up;
(4) forging, altering, leasing, lending, transferring, selling or
reproducing the Business License for Enterprise as a Legal Person or its
duplicates without permission;
(5) withdrawing or transferring capital, concealing assets or dodging
liabilities;
(6) engaging in illegal business operations.
While penalizing an enterprise as a legal person in line with the above
provisions, the registration authority shall investigate its legal
representative's administrative and economic responsibilities according to
the seriousness of the violations of the law; judicial organs shall
investigate the criminal responsibilities of those who have violated the
criminal law.
Article 31
The registration authority shall ascertain the facts and act according to
law when dealing with the illegal activities of an enterprise as a legal
person and notify the parties concerned of its decision in writing.
Article 32
When an enterprise as a legal person disagrees with the penalty meted out
by the registration authority, it may appeal within 15 days after
receiving the notice of penalty, to the immediate higher registration
authority for reconsideration. The higher registration authority shall
make a reconsideration decision within 30 days after receiving the appeal
for reconsideration. The enterprise may file a suit in a people's court
within 30 days after receiving the notice of reconsideration if it
disagrees with the reconsideration decision. The registration authority
may, in accordance with the prescribed procedures, ask the bank at which
the enterprise has an account to transfer from its account the sum to be
fined or confiscated as penalty, if it fails to appeal or to pay the fine
or the confiscated sum at the expiry of the prescribed period.
Article 33
When an enterprise as a legal person has its business license revoked, the
registration authority shall take over its official seal and notify the
bank at which it has an account of the cancellation of its registration,
and the department in charge or a liquidation organization shall be
responsible for settling its creditor's rights and liabilities.
Article 34
Any functionary of the department in charge, the authority for examination
and approval or of the registration authority, who has violated the
present Regulations, neglected his duties to a serious extent, abused his
powers, practised graft and embezzlement, extorted and taken bribes or
encroached on the legitimate rights and interests of an enterprise as a
legal person, shall be given administrative or economic penalty in light
of the circumstances; the judicial organ shall investigate, according to
law, his criminal responsibility, if the violates the criminal law.

Chapter XI Supplementary Provisions
Article 35
When an enterprise as a legal person establishes a branch which is
incapable of bearing civil liability independently, the registration of
the branch shall be applied for by the enterprise. The branch shall
receive a Business License after the application is approved by the
registration authority and may engage in business operations within the
scope of business as approved in registration.
In accordance with relevant State regulations, administrative institutions
depending on State funding or scientific and technological social bodies
must apply for registration if they engage in business operations or
establish enterprises not qualified as legal persons. They shall receive
Business Licenses after their applications are approved by the
registration authorities and may engage in business operations within the
scope of business as approved in registration.
The specific control of the registration involved shall be enforced with
reference to the provisions of the present Regulations.
Article 36
For new enterprises to be established with the approval of relevant
departments of the State Council or planning departments at various
levels, if their preparations have been under way for more than 1 year,
applications for the registration of the establishment shall be filed
according to specific regulations.

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